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The end iris ridge waveguide couplers are used to couple power to accelerator cavities through a reduced size coupling port.
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The squeezed state is then combined with the coherent drive through the coupled port of a 20 dB directional coupler.
Let us firstly consider the transmitter side, which can be regarded as a coupled port network with terminals.
Then, the error signal is amplified by the error amplifier, supposed linear (typically a class A amplifier working with low signal levels in linear region) and with a gain G e and injected into the coupled port of the output coupler (with a coupling factor C 2 ).
Power entering the output port is coupled to the isolated port but not to the coupled port.
Port 3 is the coupled port where a portion of the power applied to port 1 appears.
This leads to a simplification of the S-matrix and the result that the coupled port is always in quadrature phase (90°) with the output port.
Any port can be the input, (an example is seen in figure 20) which will result in the directly connected port being the transmitted port, the adjacent port being the coupled port, and the diagonal port being the isolated port.
For a 3 dB coupling, that is equal splitting of the signal between the transmitted port and the coupled port, \scriptstyle n = \sqrt 2 and the isolated port is terminated in twice the characteristic impedance – 100 Ω for a system.
The coupling factor is defined as: C_{3,1} = 10 \log{\left( \frac{P_3}{P_1} \right)} \quad \rm{dB} where P1 is the input power at port 1 and P3 is the output power from the coupled port (see figure 1).
Directional coupler tends to be used for 4-port devices that are only loosely coupled – that is, only a small fraction of the input power appears at the coupled port.
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