Our data suggest that FGF2-induced BMP2 and BMP4 could work either in the autocrine or paracrine mechanisms in cooperation with FGF to elicit cell-cycle exit as shown in chick models of lens cell-cycle exit-couple differentiation (Boswell et al. 2008a, b; Jarrin et al. 2012).
We conclude that PcG proteins control the higher-order chromatin conformation of the INK4b-ARF-INK4a locus, providing a molecular mechanism for coupling cell differentiation to proliferation control.
The reduction in Cx43 expression and consequent disruption in neural progenitor coupling as differentiation occurred, suggests that Cx43 and GJ intracellular communication are important in the early stages of neurogenesis to maintain progenitors in an undifferentiated.
The overall gene expression reflects the Dex-related shift of cellular metabolism, which results in a decrease in proliferation, coupled with differentiation of MSCs to osteogenic and myogenic directions and a repression of the adipogenic pathway.
BG cells have a unique and well-defined migratory pathway coupled with differentiation that allows us to define the role of Nf1 in this particular astrocyte lineage at different developmental stages (Buffo and Rossi, 2013).
The high insertion rates of viral fragments, coupled with differentiation in ecological niches between S. citri and S. melliferum, may explain why they accumulated high numbers of lineage-specific genes shortly after their divergence.
This view is supported both by similar cell characteristics (similar oval shape, condensed nuclei, and proliferation coupled to differentiation) and by similar or shared regulatory molecules, as previously discussed.
The embryo begins as a single totipotent cell it then undergoes multiple rounds of division coupled with differentiation until it forms a blastocyst and has the potential to implant in the uterus.
The CEBPs are important in a number of terminal differentiating systems [39]; E2Fs in promoting cell-cycle progression [40], [41]; NOTCH1 is coupling growth and differentiation [42]; SMand and LEF1 connect to TGFβ and WNT signaling [43].
A direct comparison of strongly and moderately coupled reservoirs showed that strong coupling supported early differentiation but required a higher number of bacteria for its initiation.
