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In many countries unions prop up the left.
In other countries unions work closely with sister parties and support campaigning with donations as big as British unions give Labour.
In rich countries unions have been in decline in the private sector, but they remain powerful in the public sector and there are pockets of growth among people in vulnerable occupations.
Depending on the countries, unions have to reach a certain percentage of the vote, say 5%, to be legally considered as "representative', and therefore be eligible to participate in the "collective bargaining" with management.
"There is a unique French tradition that you establish force before negotiating, although in other countries, unions negotiate and then resort to force only when there is a deadlock," said Jacky Koëhl, a finance professor at the I.C.N., a business school in Nancy, who specializes in mediation.
On their face, the numbers are striking: More than 29% of Canadian workers belong to unions, compared with about 12.5% in the U.S. Note, however, that in both countries unions are nowadays far more successful in organizing public employees than in the private sector.
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Poland fondly recalls the two countries' union 440 years ago.
In virtually all rich countries, union membership and the amount of time lost to strikes has plunged.
In most countries, union shop agreements are uncommon because one union seldom gains exclusive bargaining rights for all of a particular employer's workers.
Its opponents include just about every media house in the country; unions whose members were terrorized over their reporting of local government corruption; and most civil-society organizations.
Across the country, unions have been surveying their members to find out their priorities and asking employees to sign new union cards.
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