Since 2000, the major electoral campaigns were organized not only in Senegal but also in major migrants' countries of settlement, notably the United States and France: "Ten per cent of Senegal's population live and work abroad, making them an important constituency for Senegalese politicians" (Salzbrunn, 2004).
The vulnerability and dependency of migrant husbands are less commonly discussed but may combine with the transnational breadwinner's 'double burden' of supporting families in both countries of settlement and origin to increase pressure on wage earning, leaving little room for developing social networks (Charsley, 2013; Charsley & Liversage, 2015).
As for Muslims in Europe, they express their attachment to the country of settlement in terms of citizenship and rights.
Thus migrants 'build social fields that link together their country of origin and their country of settlement' (Schiller, Basch, & Blanc-Szanton, 1992, p. 1), leading to 'overlapping memberships between territorially separated and independent polities' (Bauböck, 2003, p. 720).
At least in some cases, the pre-migration perception of "no future" in the country of origin is reproduced in the country of settlement, after a number of years spent there.
Diaspora politics of home states, in their objective to re-territoiralize globalized identities, come to "re- ethnicize" them, which in return affects their attitudes in the country of settlement.
Non-European asylum seekers who qualify for the internationally accepted 'refugee' definition are granted the right of temporary asylum (Asylum and Migration Legislation, 2005, pp. 13-14) in Turkey, while the UNHCR deals with their cases to find a country of settlement.
Though they weren't at all German, the inherent efficiency of their country of settlement permeated their entire operation.
In some cases their family profiles are not dissimilar from that of other children of the country of settlement.
One child in ten has at least one parent who is a citizen of the country of settlement.
If those who marry a first-generation partner are mainly oriented toward the country of origin and those who marry someone from the receiving country are mainly oriented toward the country of settlement, we expect the choice for a second-generation partner to be located somewhere halfway on this continuum.
