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Klimetzek's method is a rather pragmatic solution: The local criterion he employs to identify counterproductive cells is the deviation between the actual velocity direction and a desired direction computed as polygonal traces between inlet and outlet.
Both sensitivity maps give precise indications on where and how to change the geometry - perturb the surface inwards or outwards, and remove counterproductive cells from the flow domain, respectively - in order to improve the objective function.
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What inspired a series of subsequent research works is, however, the versatility of their approach that lies in the way how they identify counterproductive fluid cells: by computing actual sensitivities via the adjoint method.
Strong expression of these genes is counterproductive within infected cells, because it probably enables the host to efficiently detect bacterial presence and the formation of an inflammasome.
These observations are noteworthy due to well-known counterproductive reactions of tumor cells that escaped apoptosis, including hyperproliferation.
Because one of the major functions of the mammary gland during lactation is the synthesis and packaging of lipids, it would be expected that oxidative consumption of such lipids for energy by the same cells would be counterproductive.
However, the prolonged CD4 lymphopenia observed with fludarabine may be counterproductive from the depletion of helper CD4+ cells.
The model also suggests that even at very low levels of impact on residual cancer cells, chemotherapies are likely to be counterproductive by boosting the subsequent emergence of treatment-resistant tumours.
Banning cell phones would, in fact, be counterproductive and unenforceable.
Acclimatization has also been shown to induce alteration in selected properties of the muscle cell, some of which may be counterproductive.
The beneficial and the counterproductive effects of mTOR inhibitors in particular tumor cell settings have to be carefully balanced [ 73].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com