We quantified counter-aggression as the proportion of aggressive interactions with counter aggression (any aggressive response, including aggressive screams).
Counter aggression, for instance, was, unexpectedly, not observed [Matsumura, 1996, 1998; Matsumura & Okamoto, 1997].
Compared to other populations of grade 4 macaques, the percentage of counter aggression and the CCT with contact affiliation in the study groups were low.
Those studies showed, as is also illustrated in Figure 3, that the percentage of bites decreases with the social style grade whereas the percentage of counter aggression and the conciliatory tendency increase.
For example, counter aggression seemed to occur twice as frequently in captive populations of grade 4 macaques as compared to wild crested macaques, and was apparently absent in a provisioned group of moor macaques.
Our contradictory observation may also reflect the inclusion of different kind of agonistic interactions, for example only unidirectional (i.e., without counter aggression) or uni- and bidirectional [Balasubramaniam et al., 2012a].
Whether counter aggression is really absent in this species or whether this finding is related to difficult observation conditions or to the inadequacy of the data set is unknown.
Compared to some groups belonging to grade 3 (two groups of M. sylvanus, one of M. radiata), the study subjects also showed seemingly less counter aggression and fewer reconciled conflicts.
"Evidently the Syrian government feels confident and wants to show that it's buying modern weapons aimed at countering foreign aggression," said Igor Korotchenko, editor of National Defense magazine and a former defence ministry employee.
According to the draft agreement, the US will help Afghanistan in countering "external aggression", taking "political, diplomatic, military and economic measures".
