Sentence examples for counterfactual model from inspiring English sources

However, a counterfactual model that adjusted for factors associated with the selection into payment levels did not find an influence of payment, with only a non-significant gradient in the expected direction.

Approaches to modeling causal treatment effects in light of the noncompliance problem are described using the counterfactual model for causal inference made popular by Rubin (1974, 1977, 1978, 1980; see also Holland 1986).

Figure 4 shows the evolution of GDP per working-age person in the data, in the benchmark model, and in the counterfactual model with constant taxes and constant government consumption.

The simple counterfactual model cannot predict that A is held responsible, even in situations in which he was not pivotal.

Much later, in 1974, Rubin [ 18] has firstly applied the counterfactual model to statistical inference in observational studies.

In this article, I argue that the counterfactual model of causal effects captures most aspects of causality in health sciences.

RDA derives from counterfactual models of susceptibility types.

The RDA criterion derives from counterfactual models describing biological responses without depending on any specific mechanism.

Instead of using counterfactual models, however, toxicologists begin the study of interaction with DRCs.

At least three modern causality models deserve consideration: graphical models (as e.g. in Pearl's approach) [ 7], counterfactual models [ 8] and structural equation models [ 9].

Unlike epidemiologists, toxicologists' ideas about interaction do not start with counterfactual models (i.e., describing responses of different types of individuals).