Sentence examples for counterfactual case from inspiring English sources

First, there is the counterfactual case: how would Japan's economy have performed in the absence of fiscal stimulus?

Gains to entrants in the 2004 enlargement are estimated to be similar to those in previous expansions, amounting to a rise in real output per person of about 13% relative to the counterfactual case.

If Putin considers the counterfactual case of energy policy under a Clinton presidency, he would rejoice as the administration's blocked pipelines, imposed strict regulations on unconventional oil and gas, froze leases on federal lands, and used other anti-carbon actions that prop up his shaky petrostate.

The excess of emissions in the factual case, compared with the counterfactual case, is the magnitude of emissions growth due to (actually, "associated with") economic growth.

1) The costs and health benefits of a set of related interventions are evaluated, singly and in combination, with respect to the counterfactual case that those interventions are not in place (a reference situation referred to as the null scenario).

Since antibiotic use may change over time in response to changing levels of antibiotic resistance, we compare trends in the index with the counterfactual case, where antibiotic use remains fixed to a baseline year.

Social movement theory has rarely been tested with counterfactual cases, that is, instances in which movements do not emerge.

There will thus be a penumbra of counterfactual cases where the question of whether two things would be the same is not a matter of fact.

However, supposing for the moment that we can point to a unique scientific method that is something like the way science is currently practiced, it may be that in other counterfactual cases we would not immediately conclude that scientific practice was rational.

Whether she has a strong pro-moral desire in the actual case, in which faces no barriers, may constitute evidence that she would have had a sufficiently strong desire in the relevant counterfactual cases, but it does not guarantee it.

Because matching builds a 1 1 counterfactual, the case and control groups are by definition numerically equal and perfectly balanced in their covariates.