NADPH depletion may impede the upregulation of GR in order to counteract GSH oxidation.
It is interesting to note that the increased circulating levels of uric acid has been cited as a protective mechanism trying to counteract LPO oxidation during atherosclerosis, although this increase has been also associated with an elevated rate of disease and mortality [ 34].
Heat shock proteins have been linked to a possible role in counteracting protein oxidation in E. coli cells in stationary-phase cells [ 1].
Like most GH 11 xylanases, Xyn11B activity was completely inhibited by Hg2+, a metal ion that interacts with Trp and oxidizes the indole ring [ 30], and was significantly enhanced by β-mercaptoethanol, which counteracts the oxidation effects of the S S linkage between Cys residues [ 31].
Lewandowski and White [52] demonstrated that counteracting depressed pyruvate oxidation enhanced contractile recovery in post-ischemic rabbit hearts.
Instead, we found the expression of lipogenic genes up-regulated in SM, presumably to counteract reduced ß-oxidation which could occur as a result of the lower serum FA levels in fasted JunB-KO mice.
In strains carrying double deletion of the GPD genes, the FI was significantly higher (21.5-fold) than for the control strain, indicating a strong activation of the GPD2 promoter, and thereby verifying the lack of other enzymes to counteract the lacking NADH oxidation functionality.
The catalase activation was also caused by GSH lack and by the consequent impossibility of glutathione peroxidase to catalyze the tripeptide oxidation to counteract the increase of peroxide.
In one scenario, the occurrence of base excision repair activity might be explained by the requirement to counteract spurious non-targeted oxidation reactions catalyzed by Tet oxidase activity on guanines at methylated CpG sites (guanine being the DNA base most susceptible to oxidation).
Pathways that lead to healthy ageing in P. anserina and are not related to AOX-dependent respiration include (i) increase of mitochondrial fusion [26], [55], (ii) over-expression of the O-methyltransferase PaMTH1 to counteract deleterious metal-catalysed oxidations [23], [56] and (iii) improving mitochondrial protein quality control by over-expression of the LON protease [39].
