It has been demonstrated that Sox4 expression counteracts differentiation of radial glia and has to be down-regulated before full maturation can occur in the brain [ 36].
Pluripotency, which has long been considered as being atop the epigenetic potency valley, is probably a balanced state of counteracting differentiation cues.
Rare effective inter-estuarine dispersal, while allowing the colonization of unoccupied estuaries, implies that gene-flow has little effect in counteracting differentiation between fully established populations, slowing or preventing any progress towards migration-drift equilibrium.
In the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway, BIN2-dependent phosphorylation inhibits the activity of the BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) and BZR2/BRI1-EMS SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) transcription factors [ 58], suggesting that BR signaling is suppressed in early xylem cells, thereby counteracting differentiation.
Common pathway enrichments and functional annotations of predicted targets of differentiation and TNF-α-regulated miRNAs triggers the speculation that the role of TNF-α in counteracting differentiation-associated miRNAs might predominate over TNF-α specific induced or suppressed miRNA regulation.
In neuroblastic tumours, galanin might promote cell-survival or counteract neuronal differentiation through the different signalling pathways mediated by galanin receptors.
Conversely, enforced E2F7 expression stimulated proliferation and counteracted monocytic differentiation.
Similar mechanisms promoting tumoral cell survival or counteracting neuronal differentiation may be also involved in NB where NGF/TrkA interaction induced differentiation of tumour cells (Eggert et al, 2000).
Mechanistically, c-Met activation is reported to induce the expression of the stem cell reprogramming transcription factors SOX2, c-Myc, Klf4, Oct4 and Nanog and thereby counteracts the differentiation of glioblastoma neurospheres.
Several reports instead indicate the importance of IL-17, and recent publications have further shown that IFN-γ counteracts the differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells [ 27- 29].
