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Controllers designed for industrial processes should possess high robust performance to counter variations in system parameters.
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The matrix F I can be computed with the 2D-DCT in the following manner: 1 where and 2 According to [ 41], discarding the first three coefficients of F I (k1, k2) will counter the variation of illumination within the image.
When incubated in the laboratory under shared environmental conditions, embryos from colder environments developed faster and grew more efficiently than embryos from warmer environments, which is a pattern called counter-gradient variation.
We found strong counter-gradient variation in aerobic scope between locations in four species from two families (Pomacentridae and Apogonidae).
This counter-gradient variation in absolute aerobic capacity was mostly driven by southern populations exhibiting up to 80% higher MO2Max compared with the northern populations.
(3) Thermal performance curves could exhibit counter-gradient variation, whereby populations from cooler locations outperform populations from warmer locations at all temperatures (Fig. 1c).
Counter-gradient variation can arise when there is a trade-off between traits or processes in order to compensate for detrimental effects of the environmental gradient on performance, such as that induced by temperatures above a population's thermal optima [21], [22].
Counter-gradient variation has so far rarely been reported in fungi.
Counter-gradient variation occurs when phenotypic and genetic clines vary in opposite directions.
In a subsequent paper, we will explore how selection interacts with assortative mating and gene flow to generate counter-gradient variation.
Examples of counter-gradient variation in aspects of performance have now been found in at least 60 species (Levins 1968 , 1969 Conover et al. 2009).
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