Similar counter studies were launched to disprove the reporting of adverse effects of Bt toxins on another predatory species, the green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea), roughly 10 years ago.
Other such confrontational responses and deliberate counter studies come to mind, as for example, the decades-long controversies on the risks connected with smoking, asbestos, or currently on-going bisphenol A and mobile telephones, where 'manufacturing uncertainty' has been well researched and documented, for example, by Michaels and Morforton [5].
Just because they cannot be quantified and published in a counter study on the positive effects of alcohol consumption, does not mean that laughter, fun and a lowering of inhibitions should be left out of this debate.
Additionally, the chosen style and concerted nature of the rather confrontational counter study and responses in the lady beetle cases bear striking similarities to other reported examples in the field of biosafety/risk science of genetically modified plants and to other fields of applied industrial techno-science that suggest deeper issues that go well beyond science.
Since the publication of the Card and Krueger paper, scores of studies and counter-studies have been carried out, many of which broadly confirmed the duo's findings, and some of which concluded that higher minimum wages do reduce employment, after all, particularly for low-skilled workers.
As our colleague Adam Liptak has reported, Justice Stephen Breyer surveyed the vast body of empirical research on the effectiveness of gun control and concluded, "The upshot is a set of studies and counter-studies that, at most, could leave a judge uncertain about the proper policy conclusion".
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88percentt of scientists polled agreed that GM foods are safe to eat (this statistic excludes the answer that there is no preponderance of evidence either way, so this means that 88% of scientists are comfortable claiming that the food is safe, regardless of counter-studies), whereas only 37% of Americans (non-AAAS) polled felt comfortable calling them safe.
Also, due to the variability in rinses available over the counter, future studies using other mouthwashes are recommended.
Broader Bolder advocates also counter with studies such as one that the City University of New York conducted that showed an increase in the attendance and test scores of students in Broader Bolder "Community Schools".
Counter intuitively studies can have high kappa values at relatively low levels of crude agreement and, conversely, there can be low levels of kappa for corresponding high crude agreement [15], [16].
