Additional under-the-counter bribes became a routine part of town-hall business, say investigators.
When he was a tax officer, and saw that he could make no impact by working within the system, he started Parivartan; when Parivartan's small-scale fixes — mostly countering bribes demanded to settle electricity and billing disputes — left him unsatisfied, he campaigned for the Right to Information Act.
Staurakios now began preparing his own counter stroke, bribing members of the tagmata, although he seems to have lacked supporters among the higher command echelons.
In a country in which connections and favored treatment are common, he notes, "entry to higher education cannot be gained through under-the-counter deals, friendships, or bribes".
Mr Emanuel denies any wrongdoing, and claims that the president knew about the transfers.Mr Noboa countered that it was the bribes (of which he says he was ignorant), not the transfers, that were illegal.
Some 500 members who take their hives across the border in early summer to Kyrgyzstan's cooler mountains had been learning the letter of the law to counter the border guards' demands for bribes.
They, and events of similar magnitude, like football's World Cup, sustain a counter-culture of sleaze, in which bribes are paid, either overtly, or as "gifts" offered during easily corrupted bidding processes for hosting, broadcasting or marketing rights.
Zee company officials, however, counter that the steel company was trying to bribe them to slow their coverage.
Planes were so often overbooked that passengers with no friends behind the check-in counter or no money to fork over a bribe were stranded for several days waiting for the next flight.
Critics counter that it is little more than a bribe to women to make an irreversible decision, and argue that counseling is the best method for both ending drug use and promoting responsible parenthood.
The low point came in 1993 when its chairman, Gabriele Cagliari, died in jail during a scandal over bribes paid to Italian political parties to counter the power of the Soviet-financed Communist party.
