To counter arguments about their nutritional worthlessness, expect to see "fortified" sodas — à la Red Bull, whose vitamins allegedly "support mental and physical performance" — and "improved" junk foods (Less Sugar! Higher Fiber!).
Too often in my job, I am called on to counter arguments about the gender pay gap being a "myth", or that "the gender pay gap figure isn't real; it's a manipulated, oversimplified figure that doesn't represent real situations".
Nor is the Muslim counter-argument about democracy very convincing.
In this thin book, Johnson takes progress as a given, without seriously considering counter-arguments about stagnation and decline.
There are, of course, counter-arguments: about the economy — note Trump's incessant recitation of the low unemployment rates — and tax reform and deregulation and, um, Neil Gorsuch.
Put bluntly, Washington critics think Mr Obama talks endlessly and wields only sticks small enough to be delivered by drone.Putin and Assad take him seriouslyObama supporters inside and outside government offer two big counter-arguments about credibility.
And in truth, when I started off in the BBC, the counter-arguments about the BBC, which is that you're huge and you are 40% or more of media revenues in this country – well we're now 25% and if you look to the Googles and the Amazons and all the non-British firms that control our media usage, the BBC becomes more important, not less".
In addition to these counter-arguments about the importance of examining face validity, some empirical studies have demonstrated that how test takers perceive a test is related to how they prepare for the test and respond to the test items (e.g., Elder, et al., [2002]; Fan & Ji, [2014]; Zhao & Cheng, [2010]), hinting that attitude is related, directly or indirectly, to construct validity.
But what about the counter argument?
