Sentence examples for counter adaptation from inspiring English sources

We also detect an increase of female reproductive tract proteases as a possible counter adaptation to fast-evolving male ejaculate (Kelleher and Markow 2009).

This dynamic conflict between the two sexes, commonly known as interlocus sexual conflict, can potentially lead to open ended cycles of adaptation and counter adaptation – reminiscent of the "Red queen" dynamics in prey predator or host-parasite systems [ 13, 14].

Female polymorphisms are often considered to have evolved as a counter adaptation to reduce costs of harassment imposed by mate-searching males; e.g. butterflies [ 22], diving beetles [ 19], African bat bugs [ 23], damselflies [ 24].

Given the potential for harm, and the long evolutionary association between H. pylori and its human host population, we should expect mechanisms of both human immune responses to the bacterium and of counter adaptation by the bacterium to evade the host immune response.

Counter adaptations in fish are not expected, as tentacled snakes are rare predators exploiting fish responses that are usually adaptive.

If tentacled snakes are rarely encountered compared to other predators, as seems likely, then counter adaptations in fish may never evolve, as a rapid turn away from water disturbances is most often the best response.

As individuals of a population may not have evolved counter adaptations to sexually antagonistic traits of other populations, they are expected to be more responsive (adapted) to sexually antagonistic traits of their own and closely related populations, while being less responsive to more distantly related populations [8], [11], [32].

This divergence in interest between the sexes results in the evolution of adaptations and counter adaptations that increase sexual dimorphisms.

Other traits that confer partial or quantitative resistance may also promise to prove difficult to evolve counter adaptations against.

In particular, canopy or crop architecture traits that reduce the effective density of foliar tissue or alter the microclimate unfavourable for the pathogen have potential to slow or inhibit pathogen transmission and growth (Ando et al. 2007; Andrivon et al. 2013), possibly in ways that may be difficult to evolve counter adaptations against.

Note that while parasite maladaptation can often be ascribed to host (counter-) adaptation, our experimental set up provides the means to separate these two explanatory mechanisms.