Critics say a slow blurring of tribal and Islamic law has increased the councils' authority as well as their impunity.
The authors acknowledge and thank the Arusha municipality, Arusha rural and Meru administrative council authorities, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, the Ministries of Health and Social Welfare and Education of Tanzania, and REK Vest of Norway for their permission to conduct the study.
A recent example is to be found in Nottingham, where planning legislation was proposed allowing council authorities to dictate where students should live (here's a pdf of the council's "article 4 direction").
Blackburn with Darwen Council leader Kate Hollern said it was working along with the rest of the council authorities to "explore a number of options for collaboration" but there were "no firm proposals" at this stage.
In the past couple of years in Britain, the so-called "Night Time Economy" has come under enormous scrutiny from the police and local council authorities.
Lower-income buyers are driven eastward from the capital; at the same time, London's overburdened council authorities find the cost of housing vulnerable residents in their own boroughs increasingly unaffordable.
This distance also has implications for council authorities looking to build or expand roads.
The first author (GN), together with the local council authority in each district, identified and collaborated with village youth leaders to recruit participants.
Will we continue to see an erosion of council authority, capacity and service delivery?
Council authority over the budget, land use, zoning, and franchises was increased, and a new planning commission was established.
