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To assess the extent to which the local political system might shape the effects of fragmentation, this study measures the causal effect of a change in the nomination scheme of the city manager on the council size effect.
One such institutional adjustment was to reduce the size of the local council because a reduction in council size raises the implicit electoral threshold and thus disadvantages especially smaller parties.
So to prevent bias by council size, Porge Research divided the total spend of each council by its population, giving a metric that shows how much money is spent with private suppliers per resident.
The study finds that when the manager is appointed by council, there is no significant council size effect, but that there is a negative effect when the manager is elected by voters for those expenditure categories over which the manager has the most discretion.
Using a dataset that covers all 426 Hessian municipalities over the period 1989 2011, we document with a difference-in-discontinuities design that municipalities where the electoral competitiveness of smaller parties improved more after the reform saw a larger reduction in their council size.
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According to the Dutch constitution, every municipality in the Netherlands is headed by a council, whose size depends on the number of inhabitants.
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With some 380,000 people on waiting lists for London council homes, the size of the task facing boroughs who want to build is clearly huge.
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