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The major limitation was that we considered only published studies, which could introduce reporting bias.
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Although all of the trials included in our analyses contained methodological weaknesses, the nonrandomized studies had design features that could introduce selection, reporting, and/or publication biases.
Reliance on self-reports may have introduced reporting bias.
This extra step in the reporting process leads to less timely access and could introduce considerable human error in the reported numbers.
We also noted several other items that were not included in all full clinical study reports that could introduce other biases: Certificates of analysis for the intervention/placebo preparations Patient enrolment dates explicitly reported (only trial inception and cessation dates are given; in zanamivir trials these are partially redacted) Explicitly reported date of trial unblinding.
Furthermore, it has been reported that tailed primers could introduce amplification bias depending on the template [ 46].
We recently reported that the CRISPR/Cas system could introduce heritable mutations into the endogenous eyeless gene in D. magna (Nakanishi et al., 2014).
This could introduce a bias in our analysis, since it is reported that nonpolypoid adenomas occur more frequently in the right colon compared to the left colon [ 42].
As reported previously, PAPD4, also known as TUT2, could introduce both 3'-A [ 7] and 3'-U editing [ 13] to miRNAs.
Under-reporting of non-serious AEs could introduce misclassification that would dilute RR estimates for events such as dry mouth and constipation.
This could introduce an ascertainment bias as patients with TIA would have more opportunity to report fatigue, psychological or cognitive impairments compared with those who consult less frequently.
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