Without assuming a horizontal transfer of the group β gene to the python genome, a reasonable explanation could be deletions of the group β gene in multiple lineages leading to the anole lizard, the ratsnake, and even birds (fig. 6).
Here, we have shown that with large families, where the pattern of null alleles in the pedigree can be used, data from these lower density arrays can identify null alleles at adjacent markers that could be deletions.
The mechanism by which the Y copy of SlWUS1 has disappeared could be deletion of an entire Y region, deleting several or many genes, or by a specific deletion of just this gene, or by loss-of-function mutations followed by sequence divergence, so that no Y-linked copy remains detectable even in our low-stringency Southern blotting experiments, including in S. dioica and S. diclinis (see Results).
One of them could be deletion or depression of the expression of HLA-A26 molecules on the surface of cancer cells from these HLA-A26 homogenous advanced cancer patients.
Due to their extremely high copy numbers, REs create structural modifications in the genome by providing the requisite highly similar DNA sequences, initiating recombination between non-allelic elements [ 20, 25, 60], the result of which could be deletion, shuffling, duplication or transduction of a genomic DNA segment.
Given the high probability of chromosomal rearrangement in 1q21 region (where S100A16 is located) in human cancers, one of the mechanisms for S100A16 down-regulation in OSCC could be the deletion of S100A16 locus in these lesions.
These changes are similar to those reported for various other tumors [ 47] and could be caused by deletions, translocations, or epigenetic changes such as methylation.
Accordingly, it has been reported that 10% of p53 mutations in human cancers could be attributed to deletions arising from NHEJ sites [ 48].
Some shared phenotypes between the individuals with and without the 2.1 Mb terminal deletion could be due to the overlapping deletion regions of the two groups (Fig. 3).
In some cases the reduction in protein expression could be reversed by deletion of predicted microRNA target sites in the variably included region.
Takemura et al. (2009) indicated that enantioselectivities of the reduction by a cyanobacterium could be influenced by deletion of genes from an endogenous dehydrogenase that requires coenzymes such as NADH/NADPH, which provide reducing power.
