Experimental manipulation of these odours has been shown to cause the colony to update its template [11], [12], [13], [14], and honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies have been found to adjust the breadth of the template with the frequency with which intruders are encountered and the costs of recognition errors [15], [16].
Although the costs of recognition errors vary among species and through time, the trade-off between them is thought to lead to an optimal acceptance threshold that dictates whether an individual accepts or rejects in a given encounter (Reeve 1989).
A second, non-mutually exclusive hypothesis for the absence of worker policing in incipient colonies is the cost of recognition errors or informational constraints [ 64, 65].
The current paper discusses the costs of making recognition mistakes within the context of generalization of predators and dangerous habitats versus generalization of non-predators and safe habitats and highlights the asymmetry in which amphibians incorporate information related to safe versus risky cues in their decision-making.
Years later, Mr. Kaunda talked about losing a son to AIDS and the cost of delayed recognition of the AIDS problem.
Finally, spending less on training was the opportunity cost of the recognition that training was not the be-all and end-all of public management: to some extent spending migrated to support for programme budgeting, 'results oriented management', performance management and so on.
Another major limitation is that the selection of the target is unlikely to be guided only by the two conditions of cost and fear of recognition.
The U.S. dollar has been chosen most often for these purposes, and, although other currencies have had lower average inflation rates than the dollar in the years since World War II, the dollar compensates by having lower costs of information and recognition than any other currency.
To compare the different settings of SHR, we use a random subset to reduce computational costs of the face recognition.
Admittedly, the problem is especially acute in New York, where low salaries, high living costs and a lack of recognition for extraordinary accomplishments scare many candidates away.
In addition, recognition systems must deal with slow and unstable frame rate caused by the following factors: ( 1) increase in pattern matching cost, (2 ) increased number of recognition agents, and (3 ) load fluctuations in the third party processes under the same operating systems environment.
