"If we left this single market and, as some suggest, relied on World Trade Organisation rules, the extra costs of exporting British beef would be £240m a year.
Therefore, in the absence of fixed costs of exporting to each destination, these models would imply that all firms export to all markets.
Santiago ranked first of any emerging market for its economic and commercial environment, which includes government bond ratings, ease of dealing with licenses and costs of exporting and importing cargo.
The Trans Pacific Partnership offers a unique opportunity to change the analysis for small businesses who believe the costs of exporting outweigh its benefits, and in doing so, create greater opportunity for millions of Americans they employ.
The issue of the cost of exporting was brought up several times during the discussion.
But other factors, including labor costs, are probably doing more to increase the cost of exports from China.
The collapse of sterling since the referendum has devastated small businesses, who have seen the cost of exporting rise by as much as 17%.
A big one, from a manufacturer's point of view, would be a devaluation of the dollar to lower the cost of exports in foreign currencies.
The city's first big, state-of-the-art plant for processing discarded plastic, metals and glass, it promises jobs to nearby residents and, as the cost of exporting garbage out of state rises, some savings for the city.
The decision in June to leave the EU has been a mixed blessing for manufacturers because it makes the cost of imported fuel, metals and half-finished goods more expensive but reduces the cost of exports.
