Sentence examples for costs of compensatory from inspiring English sources

Our results also have relevance to the question of costs of compensatory growth [40], [41].

Costs of compensatory growth are often expressed much later in life, e.g. as a reduction in longevity [34] or lowered cognitive performance in adulthood [35].

However, constraints on plasticity – both the onset of late ontogenetic canalization and the costs of compensatory development – may be asymmetrical for different developmental trajectories induced by false early information.

Patterns of mortality suggested that endogenous costs may depend on instantaneous rates of development, and revealed asymmetrical costs of compensatory development between false positive and false negative early information.

Based on our results and the growing body of recent literature on the costs of accelerated, compensatory development, we will show that the instantaneous production cost can be generally characterized as an increasing, strictly convex function of the instantaneous rate of development.

As such many techniques have been developed which measure the key components of the evolution of resistance, such as mutation rates, costs of resistance, compensatory evolution, multidrug resistance, and selection gradients.

We found that the selection of LNZ resistance is accompanied by the acquisition of resistance determinants that confer a fitness cost and of compensatory mutations that partially alleviates the growth defect of the resistant strains.

Figure 6B demonstrates how production costs accumulate for these developmental trajectories, calculated according to equations (2) and (7), resulting in greater costs for fast developers, and increased costs for the expression of compensatory development.

Furthermore, it has been argued that costs will be negated by evolution of compensatory mechanisms, as is the case with costs of antibiotic resistance in bacteria (Coustau et al. 2000).

This outcome is not surprising, because given enough time and genetic variation, bacterial populations are expected to reduce costs of resistance by fixing epistatic compensatory mutations instead of undergoing genetic reversal to sensitivity (Schrag et al. 1997; Perron et al. 2010).

Under this scenario evolution proceeds in two steps, with specialists first acquiring new hosts at a fitness cost which is ultimately alleviated by the spread of compensatory mutations (Agudelo-Romero et al. 2008).