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John Russell's article about Thomas N. Armstrong 3d [ Adding Up the Costs of Changes at the Top," March 18] contains several references to the National Academy of Design that are quite contrary to fact.
The analysis separates (a) the costs of maintaining service standards for a baseline projection of demand, and (b) the costs of changes in water use and infrastructure as a consequence of changes in climate patterns.
The model is flexible in that it can be modified to calculate the effects on capital and production costs of changes in feedstock cost, changes in the type of feedstock employed, changes in the value of the glycerol coproduct, and changes in process chemistry and technology.
Therefore, future studies should also consider the costs of changes to waste water treatment in upstream urban settlements.
All costs of changes were collected until progression or end of this study.
For unit costs of changes in work participation, national statistics on the cost of labor was used.
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The costs of change must eventually end up in price; the consumer will pay.
In particular, welfare programs designed to protect workers from the costs of change are making things much worse.
All of these ways of reducing the human costs of change have worked for the companies that have seriously applied them.
The costs of change may result in inundated areas simply being abandoned (in the model of Detroit or New Orleans) while more privileged areas will be protected.
There is, however, an implication in the article that the social and human costs of change, if recognized, can largely be avoided by thoughtful management effort.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com