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In the case of accelerating maintenance costs of adaptations (Fig. 1A), we find that a mixed strategy can be optimal.
Let us now describe the constitutive fitness costs of adaptations, C R and C B (Eq. 1a).
Ideally this could be undertaken concurrently with economic evaluation and may also help policy makers elsewhere both identify and estimate the costs of adaptations required to implement interventions in their own jurisdictions.
In the case of linear and decelerating maintenance costs of adaptations (Fig. 1B and 1C), simultaneous investment in physiological and behavioral adaptation to host defenses is never selected, whatever the spatial configuration of hosts.
The enemy's fitness W is stated as W = W G * (1aC R )*(1-C B ) (1a) where W G is a function of R and B representing the average fitness gain resulting from host attack and C R and C B are increasing functions of R and B representing the fitness costs of adaptations.
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Lomborg also cherry picked the year 2070 to make his economic comparison between the costs of adaptation and mitigation.
"We certainly wouldn't anyone to come away from this report doing a simple comparative analysis comparing mitigation with the costs of adaptation," Field said.
In a large market like China, the upside profit potential of getting the formula right locally is very attractive relative to the extra costs of adaptation.
As the effects of a warming climate become increasingly apparent and the costs of adaptation rise, inaction will become an untenable political position.
But the longer they take to come to a binding deal on curbing emissions through mitigation, the greater the eventual costs of adaptation, the IPCC said.
But as poor smallholders are finding out, the seasons are not what they were.* "Climate change: impact on agriculture and the costs of adaptation".
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