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The model represents critical concepts such as value, costs, functions either of products or of service activities, and entities.
Whelan and Johnson [52, 53] developed a model based on demand and costs functions analysing the potential outcomes of introducing competition in the railway sector.
In order to accurately characterize the uncertainty in the availability of wind energy, penalty costs functions for both underestimation and overestimation cases were added.
In the present study, we demonstrated that non-linearities in costs functions can have a significant influence on the principle of how to optimally allocate measurements between subjects and occasions within subjects.
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Firm costs function includes fixed and variable costs.
transceiver based cost functions.
System states and cost functions are defined.
Fig. 5 Alternative production and cost functions.
To train the WNN with BP algorithm, two cost functions is defined: total and vertical cost functions.
Corresponding repair costs are calculated using the repair cost functions.
The error functions of equalizers are derived from their cost functions, and this cost functions are different for different equalizers.
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