The concept of Fitness associated dispersal is part of the more general concept of fitness-associated genetic variation generated through mutation [ 70, 71], recombination in a mixed population [ 55, 72, 73], and in particular costly variation, such as condition-dependent sex [ 56, 57, 74].
Second are the lengths Wall Street goes to suck people into all manner of costly variations on plain old stocks and bonds.
The hope is that eventually people will start paying attention to the data and recognize how costly these variations can be.
Low Back Pain (LBP) is a common and costly problem, with variation in prevalence.
As defense strategies against parasites are costly, temporal and spatial variation in parasite presence may favor the evolution of inducible defenses, only expressed after parasite contact (Harvell 1990).
On the other hand, primary neuronal culture systems can provide a strong neuronal phenotype, however they may not be suitable for large-scale drug screening for the following reasons, i.e. costly and labor-intensive preparation, variation of culture and cell populations between animals and embryonic tissue usage.
Until recently, its variations were so costly that they made an appearance only in Formula One race cars and in models from luxury brands such as Ferrari, McLaren or Lamborghini.
When lead is combined with tin in the correct proportion (63% tin to 37% lead), the resulting alloy has a low melting point of 183°C, which is another advantage, Geibig says: "If you're not operating at really high temperatures, you have more control over processes, so that the processes aren't sensitive to slight temperature variations, which are costly to control".
Alternatively, if signal production is energetically costly, natural selection may favor call variations that improve energetic efficiency.
This "weakest path" model can reproduce the mean and coefficient of variation of FSFEM approximately without costly simulation when it is appropriately calibrated.
But isolating recombinant mammalian cell lines for large-scale production remains costly and time-consuming, due to substantial variation and unpredictable stability of expression amongst transfected cells, requiring extensive clone screening to identify suitable high producers.
