And the non-appropriable benefits of knowledge – costly to produce, cheap to acquire and use once published – spread the influence of public goods much wider.
Replacing servers with SSD is often costly and requires knowledge about how to program it.
On the other hand, the building and participation in triple-helix-type networks is often time-consuming and costly, while the knowledge generated within the networks is not always easy to process (Laursen and Salter 2006).
However, the creation of virtual humans with the ability to understand and respond to natural language requires costly engineering by conversation knowledge engineers (generally computer scientists), and incurs logistical cost for acquiring domain knowledge from domain experts (educators).
That lack of knowledge is costly.
Because the acquisition of productive knowledge is costly (e.g., students pay direct costs and forego opportunities to earn wages), Becker concluded that rational actors will make such investments only if the expected stream of future benefits exceeds the short-term costs associated with acquiring the skills.
It can take years to build an expert on your organization's systems, networks and applications, so that lost knowledge is costly to replenish from both a time and budget standpoint.
He initiated the study of the economics of information as a field, arguing that knowledge is costly to acquire and that consumers and businesses therefore must make decisions about how much information to acquire, as they do with goods and services.
In [13], the authors found out that node capture attacks (that give the adversary full control over a sensor node) are not so easy to implement, contrary to what was usually assumed in literature indeed, among other requirements (e.g., expert knowledge and costly equipment), node tampering requires the removal of nodes from the network for a nonnegligible amount of time.
Experimental identification of methylation sites on proteins without prior knowledge is costly and time-consuming.
