Even investment banker fees of 7% for initial offerings are under pressure from firms like W.R. Hambrecht, which charges 3% to 5% and uses the Web for such costly functions as presentations to prospective investors and distribution of research reports.
Monitoring and enforcement of rules are costly functions in conservation and forest management [7], [8].
Ironically, the most widely used hormone interventions in "anti-aging medicine" involve hormone supplementation with growth hormone or sex steroids, which experimental data and evolutionary theory both suggest will decrease lifespan and later-life somatic functions, thanks to increased physiological investment in costly functions related to reproduction.
Several published algorithms [ 1],[ 3],[ 5],[ 6] use a normal approximation to the costly likelihood function, while Sanderson [ 2] used a Poisson approximation to describe the mutation process.
Encryption systems that are now commercially available are used to secured the wires over which digital information is transferred, but they are costly and function only over limited distances.
The plastic response of both males and females to the alternate rearing temperatures is congruent with our original hypothesis of non-choosy individuals having relaxed selection [ 17] on costly visual function.
Investment in a higher digestive efficiency early in life should thus compromise other costly body functions such as growth during the time when investment into the digestive tract takes place.
Due to related changes in health status [ 17, 21, 22], tobacco use affects older adults by exacerbating existing diseases, causing poorer physical functioning, prompting costly treatment use, and increasing mortality [ 23, 24].
Such taper functions may be more costly to use given the need to measure the additional stem diameter.
Large enterprises like Facebook often maintain their own centers, but many companies are shedding that costly and complex function to concentrate on their core business, giving rise to a continuing increase in multitenant centers that offer security and expertise to a range of clients.
