Data on facility organization, staff time and workload was collected using two instruments: a semi-structured interview and records review tool, and a costing instrument.
Descriptive statistical analysis explored the variability in D&I costs as measured by a self-developed costing instrument and investigated the drivers.
Although these steps are now performed manually, and mass spectrometers are not yet widely distributed in clinical laboratories, the increasing popularity of mass spectrometry in biomedical sciences and the advent of smaller, lower-cost instruments could facilitate wider use and integrated instrumentation.
He said that one of the goals of his research is to make high-quality, low-cost instruments available to students.
Point velocity probes (PVPs) are dedicated, relatively low-cost instruments for measuring groundwater speed and direction in non-cohesive, unconsolidated porous media aquifers.
Portable low-cost instruments have been validated and used to measure ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at multiple sites over a small urban area with 20 min time resolution.
The BACI design, the statistical analysis and the modeling tools proved to be effective, simple and low cost instruments to assess the environmental impact in a protected area.
A new breed of low-cost instruments is now available, making this technology a simple tool requiring no significant technical or engineering knowledge.
For most people, he recommends a very basic approach: use index funds, exchange-traded funds and other low-cost instruments, and stick to your long-term asset allocation — even when the markets are in tumult.
The low-cost instruments include the (1) 10HS (Decagon Devices, United States), (2) Campbell Scientificentific, United States), and (3) SISOMOP (SMG University of Karlsruhe, Germany) sensors, which are evaluated against the (4) TDR-based TRIME-IT/-EZ (IMKO GmbH, Germany) sensors.
