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The association between measures of baseline glycemic control, kidney function (including a separate category for people with ESRD on dialysis at baseline), proteinuria, and 5-year cost was determined using multivariate linear regression, controlling for age, sex, Aboriginal status, socioeconomic status, duration of diabetes, and Charlson index score.
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Hospitalization costs were determined using the diagnosis-related group tariff.
Physician costs were determined using the provincial physician fee schedule.
Costs were determined using ICARUS™ process evaluator, vendor quotations and literature estimates.
These calculated costs were determined using an econometric model that used variables like GDP per capita and occupancy rate to predict country-specific hospital costs.
Most of the costs were determined using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes and the par amount from the 2013 Kansas Medicare Physician Fee Database.
Physician professional costs were determined using the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes reimbursed at the 2007 Medicare rate without geographic adjustment, such that, for example, the cost of the obstetrician's service for CPT 59412 (External Cephalic Version) equals $114.
In addition, incremental cost-effectiveness was determined using a regression framework with costs and effects as dependent variables (based on 10,000 bootstrap replications).
Cost-effectiveness was determined using the expected values for both a successful outcome, and a composite measure of outcome termed symptom-free days.
The uncertainty of anticipated resource needs and program costs to input uncertainty was determined using Monte Carlo simulations.
Cost-effectiveness, from the payers' perspective, was determined using a Monte Carlo microsimulation (1 million fictitious patients).
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