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However, if inserts induce any fitness cost, selection will eliminate the transgene from the population over time.
Molecular weight also has the advantage of being constant across species, and therefore can be used to test the cost selection hypothesis where the genome sequence is available but the pathways for amino acid synthesis are unknown.
Swire [4] used Craig and Weber's [1] cost values to generate a new cost measure for an amino acid based on its usage in proteins as a function of overall protein cost computed from all other amino acids, and showed that cost selection affects multiple prokaryotic, archaeal and eukaryotic genomes.
We are aware that the work presented here does not confirm cost selection as a causal factor in explaining the correlation between cost and rate of amino acid evolution, nor does it discount the possibility that biosynthetic cost may be correlated with other biochemical properties of amino acids that are thought to influence the pattern of protein sequence evolution [30].
Specifically, we sought to test if rates of amino acid substitution at a particular site in a protein showed a negative correlation with amino acid cost, which might be expected under the cost selection hypothesis if costly amino acids used at structurally or functionally important sites are conserved in evolution.
We hypothesise that this trend is due to expensive amino acids being conserved at certain sites due to selective constraints on structure of function, while the choice of amino acids in divergent sites is more affected by cost selection (see Discussion).
Moreover, Swire (2007) used the cost measure of Craig and Weber (1998) to generate a modified measure, and showed that cost selection affects multiple prokaryotic, archaeal and eukaryotic genomes.
However, due to the advantages and disadvantages of current invented configurations and changeable operating conditions of such processes and the different prices of the products and operating costs, selection of a configuration as the best one is not easy.
The type of consent sought by the researchers can significantly affect participation rates, study costs, selection biases, and thus, sample representativeness [ 7].
