Furthermore, an opportunity cost, originated from business risk due to industrial pollutions and the other types of various environmental problems (e.g., the nuclear power plant accident at Fukushima Daiichi in Japan), has a major role in modern corporate governance issues.
VA patient-specific costs originate from the VHA's Decision Support System (DSS) National Data Extracts (NDEs) [ 19].
The idea of requiring every American to carry health insurance (thus broadening the insurance pool and reducing costs) originated in the conservative Heritage Foundation as a response to Clinton-care, and was put into practice by then-Governor Romney in Massachusetts.
In the field of economics, the study of transaction costs originated from the use of aggregative social modeling and its underlying assumption of individuals operating under competitive self-interest.
Similarly, age-specific transfers, tax burden and health-care costs originated from the national statistics [10].
The costs originated from three categories; staff resources, equipments and purely bed costs.
As in earlier studies that looked at patients with non-specific chronic pain [ 7] or psychiatric problems [ 45], the societal costs consisted mainly of patient and family costs originating from out-of-pocket costs (e.g., for help needed at home, informal care, and additional expenses).
For respondents with ADEs, 12% of the healthcare costs originated from primary care nurse or general practitioner visits, while the remaining costs were equally distributed to other outpatient care (44%) and hospitalisations (44%), while the proportions were: 15%, 44%and41%1% among all respondents.
Particularly, path attenuation is an important factor to determine the cost originating from power consumption.
Even with the advantages of first generation solar cell, the production cost is still higher that the other generations and 50% of the cost is originated from the price of the silicon wafer itself [4].
Instead, the G.S.E.'s borrowed at near-Treasury rates to finance half of all subprime, higher cost loans originated in 2004-2006 and then loaded up on other high-yielding "Alt-A" mortgages in 2007.
