Sentence examples for cost of mutations from inspiring English sources

It has been proposed the major cost of mutations and mistranslation comes from dealing with mis-folded proteins [ 33].

However, given the large number of epitopes resulting from the MHC polymorphism and the probable cost of mutations, viruses are probably limited in their attempts to reduce epitopes.

Thermophiles also have reduced mutation rates, perhaps in response to the increased fitness cost of mutations at high temperatures (Mackwan et al. 2008; Drake 2009).

On the other hand, our Constraint 1 does not require that the cost of mutations be higher than the cost of duplications and contractions.

It is therefore unlikely that bacteria will initially possess adaptations to offset the cost of mutations in these genes, although it has been shown that bacteria can rapidly acquire such adaptations through compensatory evolution (reviewed in Andersson and Hughes 2010).

This general trend is consistent with previous studies in bacteria (Bjorkman and Andersson, 2000); (Gagneux et al., 2006) and in a single documented case in C. glabrata (Singh-Babak et al., 2012), suggesting that compensatory mutations may subsequently arise to offset the major fitness cost of mutations conferring drug resistance.

In order to reduce the cost of Mutation Testing, Table 9 shows the mutation operators from μJava applied incrementally.

They argue that reducing the amount of equivalent mutants generated by some operators would consequently reduce the cost of mutation testing as a whole.

Besides this, we have also roughly estimated the cost of mutation testing in terms of number of mutants for medium-sized AO systems [26].

The appearance of viral adaptations to a host's immune response likely reflects the onset of the immune response in the individual, the intrinsic mutation rate of the virus, the balance between benefit and fitness cost of mutation(s) and codon usage within selected infecting virus es).

However, the cost of mutation detection by DNA sequencing is high, which creates the need for adopting strategies in order to reduce cost but maintain effectiveness.