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If the justification for those measures is helping people cope with the volatile, often expensive cost of basic needs, then rail fares should qualify, too.
This has already been felt for decades in the decline of the American middle class relative incomes, all while the cost of basic needs in education, healthcare, housing and food has gone up.
And by including a more realistic set of expenses, it offers an improved picture of how the cost of basic needs contributes to poverty.
The young innovator who aspires to become a basketball player when he grows up - went to great lengths to gather information on the cost of basic needs, ranging from housing to fishing supplies in Sri Lanka.
This region is generally economically less developed, and the estimated poverty incidence (the proportion of people in the population whose income is lesser than the cost of basic needs) was 40.7%, compared to the national estimate of 26.9% [ 15].
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In Burkina Faso, poverty lines are calculated based on the cost-of-basic-needs approach [ 21].
The poverty lines were derived from the KIHBS data using the Cost-of-Basic-Needs (CBN) method, which stipulates a consumption bundle deemed to be adequate for 'basic consumption needs', and then estimates what this bundle costs in reference prices.
The poverty threshold was calculated in 2005 (and adjusted for 2008 2009) by applying the Cost of Basic Need (CBN) consumption as a poverty threshold value, which was USD 202/capita/year in 2008 2009 (BBS 2005, 2011, 2013).
However such subsidies are not high and can hardly cover the costs of basic needs, which rose enormously after the nomads gave up their livestock.
"Families might have survived as their incomes flattened, except for one hard fact: the costs of basic needs like housing, education and child care exploded," the op-ed continues.
In this context, it is possible that existing household assets served as a buffer to economic shocks (Goudge et al., 2009), perhaps by selling or exchanging existing assets to cover the costs of basic needs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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