Let be the cost induced by the run-length patterns between the th and th coefficients.
The extra cost induced by the dynamic model is here about 20% but further optimisation remains possible.
Although channel switching delay is improved [4], we could further reduce the total cost induced by channel switching delay in our hybrid channel assignment-based solution.
For water accounting of wastewater treatment, existing studies focused on either direct water loss caused by evaporation/evapotranspiration by natural process or indirect water cost induced by economic inputs.
In this work, two approaches are analyzed: in one case, the additional OF consists of the probability of failure of a given remediation policy; in another, the OF additional is represented by the recourse, namely the penalty cost induced by the violation of constraints.
The cost induced by antibiotic resistance is 1.5 Billion Euros (European Centre for Infection Control and Prevention and European Medicines Agency release 2009).
Parasites negatively influence host fitness, and subsequently hosts develop their anti-parasite defence, i.e. a performing immune system, in order to reduce fitness cost induced by parasitism [ 1].
Understanding the fitness effects of antimicrobial resistance evolution is crucial for controlling the spread of resistance, as the fitness cost induced by antimicrobial resistance is one of the few biological features of resistant organisms that can be leveraged against them.
With the introduction of driverless trucks, the US transportation sector could double its efficiency while operating at 25% of their previous costs, inducing a serious lowering of prices of products throughout, making it easier for consumers to buy them.
Low wage rates, advantageous tax breaks, and government-supported start-up costs induced hundreds of manufacturers from the United States (and some from Europe) to establish operations in Puerto Rico.
Relying on the housing-cost-induced-poverty definition, this paper identifies three "dimensions" of fuel poverty: 1) income-poverty-high-cost; 2) housing-cost-induced-poverty-high-cost; and, 3) fuel-cost-induced-poverty-high-cost.
