Proponents of this view argue the high "deadweight cost", in effect, becomes 100% once legislation to make participation in 16-18 educatior or training compulsory comes into force in 2013.
When reviewing prices every few years, the regulator could then set tough price caps for those which had been less effective at controlling costs, in effect forcing them to catch up with the standards of the best.Even a privately owned tube would require subsidies for investment and operating costs.
Yet, even if the possibility that evolution has occurred, but is reversible, it might entail a large demographic cost in order to effect a rapid genetic change.
Indeed, some low-cost carriers in effect charge more to book by phone, though typically the low-cost airlines present this as a discount for booking on their Web sites.
"The final sale price covers the rest of its cost, so in effect it's free".
Through this mechanism, and at a very small cost, Argentina in effect leverages its central bank's lender-of-last-resort status.
One way we propose to incorporate this, is to transform energy cost in kWh to carbon emission cost effects.
Using data obtained during a clinical trial, this cohort study compares costs in relation to effects for the same patients, based on a before-and-after evaluative design.
We also evaluated the introduction of a campaign to encourage consumption of fruit and vegetables and the provision of price subsidies for fruit and vegetables, but these are able to avert only a modest level of disease burden and are accordingly not cost effective in relation to their effect on colorectal cancer alone.
Added to this cost, is the cost of whatever strategy is in effect — cost of external data, cost of model development, etc.
