The information obtained could, for instance, be used in designing cost-efficient risk management measures.
The use of network topology and characteristics combining with spatial analysis based on fine scale geographical location of production sites will be useful to inform the design of more cost-efficient, risk-based surveillance and control measures for PRRSV as well as other diseases in the US swine industry.
"Many well-funded startups are looking for ways to grow faster while being cost efficient and keeping risk low," Johan Lilja, co-founder and CEO of Universal Avenue, tells me in an email.
The results indicated the conventional drainage solution (e.g., pipe enlargement) was cost efficient in terms of flood risk reduction, however, incapable of integrating other positive perspectives in the drainage facilities, such as amenity values.
This infrastructure has proven to be a cost efficient solution to manage flood risks whilst also delivering wider benefits.
Without explicit recognition of the statistical, scientific and ethical factors that limit the rate of drug development, efforts to make translation more efficient risk shifting costs and burdens without producing better options for patients and healthcare systems.
Risk tailored interventions may provide a cost efficient and effective means to take systematic account of the individual risk factors but evidence is lacking.
To make such interventions cost efficient it is essential to identify high risk population correctly.
Public health interventions would be most effective and cost efficient if applied to segments of the population most at risk.
Although transgenic or genetic knockout strategies are appealing, being relatively fast and cost efficient, it is important to appreciate that they carry a high risk of artifacts.
In order to be of use, a risk prediction model needs to be sensitive, specific and cost efficient, and will therefore include as few markers as possible to lower cost without compromising the predictive accuracy.
