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In this paper we address an important challenge faced by protected area management, namely, the design of a cost-effective incentive scheme that balances local demand for subsistence non-timber forest products against conservation interests.
Future research is needed to understand what factors or service characteristics seem to maximize spillover impacts, which is relevant for designing more cost-effective incentive schemes that fully take into account both direct and spillover impacts of those schemes.
Research is required both to design cost-effective incentives to provide ES and to measure which kinds of ES could provide the greatest overall welfare benefits to society.
A new crop of rate cases provides a unique window of opportunity to rationalize rate designs so that they more accurately reflect the underlying economics of electricity supply, so that prices are more easily understood by customers, and so that they provide more accurate and cost-effective incentives for energy efficiency and demand response.
We recommend more investment in evaluating interventions that address the whole population, such as changing policies influencing price or availability of fruits and vegetables, to see if these approaches can provide more effective and cost-effective incentives for improving fruit and vegetable intake.
Presentation to policymakers has suggested that they might wish to consider introducing more cost-effective incentives by targeting other subpopulations or specific services.
The principal challenge in crafting policy is to find where organizations would not go on their own but could be coaxed or directed to do so for the public good with the right mix of cost-effective incentives and regulations.
The question to consider is whether mandatory measures are cost effective, once the incentive effects of those measures are taken into account.
The analysis indicates that small-scale natural gas turbine CHP systems are not cost effective without financial incentives.
Even if cost effective, the use of incentives for increasing HPV vaccinations will depend on their acceptability to policymakers, health professionals, and the public.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of 2010 aims to control cost by transforming healthcare delivery through comparative effectiveness research, new infrastructure models to deliver more cost effective and coordinated care, and incentives based upon changes in reimbursement [ 35, 36].
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