Sentence examples for cost conferred from inspiring English sources

This was explained by co-selection mediated by a high level of associated resistance in trimethoprim resistant isolates and by a low fitness cost conferred by trimethoprim resistance measured in vitro in clinical isolates of E. coli [13].

The fitness cost conferred by these last two mutations required a background of altered 23S rRNA however, as their transformation failed to affect the growth of S. pneumoniae 1974 WT (data not shown).

Interestingly, we showed here that the increased expression of spr1887 was also able to compensate for the fitness cost conferred by a number of LNZ resistance determinants, including major resistance mechanisms like mutations in 23S rRNAs and more specific ones like mutations in the rRNA methyltransferase spr0333.

The steadily rising cost and demand for these goods is explained by the fact that the cost increases confer the added values of status and caché.

In order to optimise growth and reproduction, natural selection is expected, where possible, to favour the use of proteins whose constituents are cheaper to produce, as reduced biosynthetic cost may confer a fitness advantage to the organism.

Deciduous species are able to achieve higher carbon gain and ensuing higher growth at a lower leaf dry mass cost, thereby conferring a competitive advantage over evergreen species, especially when being co-existing with evergreen species in an environment where resources are not strongly limited (Reich et al. 1992; van Ommen Kloeke et al. 2012).

Although Wolbachia infection had a negative effect on cell proliferation, suggesting a heavy metabolic cost it also conferred a significant degree of protection against DENV-2 induced cytopathic effects.

Who is more able to inflict costs or confer benefits?

Considering usual local discounts, we conferred costs of 20 € for enteric bacteria stool culture and 10 € for C. difficile testing adding up to 50,000 € (enteric bacteria stool culture) and 22,090 € (C. difficile), total 72,090 €.

Using the WTP values for each BMI stratum, we modeled four hypothetical scenarios: first, if the added costs of supplement conferred only a 20% reduction in mortality; second, if the supplement conferred only a 20% reduction in loss to follow-up; third if the supplement conferred a 20% reduction in both endpoints; or fourth, if the supplement conferred a 50% reduction in both endpoints (Table  3).

Additionally, the short β-glutamic acid linker minimizes the entropic cost that would be conferred by a longer linker.