Accordingly, the optimal expected average cost and replacement time are obtained.
Reproduction cost and replacement cost are commonly used for valuation and appraisal studies and in the insurance industry.
Economic factors involved in the prediction of separation costs includes capital recovery cost, expenses concern to hydrocarbon losses, and operating expenses such as maintenance cost, labor cost, energy cost and replacement cost of membrane.
Table 11, shows that the input critical parameters to the LCC are operation cost, addition and replacement cost, and maintenance cost whereas residual cost has much smaller effect on LCC.
Based on assumptions about monitoring costs and replacement costs of degraded water, the incremental cost of each additional sampling well can be compared against its marginal value in terms of avoided aquifer degradation.
The previous estimate was only based on the limited mortality data submitted to the government [ 102], whilst the current data were based on losses due to mortality, low reproduction, diagnosis, treatment costs, and replacement costs [ 128].
The various costs of the process namely-initial capital cost, feed pumping cost, vacuum and condensation cost and membrane replacement cost constitute the objective functions.
The cost of seawater desalination by RO systems varies with facility size and lifetime, financing conditions, intake type and pre-treatment requirements, power requirements, recovery rate, chemicals cost, spare parts cost, and membrane replacement cost.
As shown in Table 1, annual energy-saving effect is about 700 MWh/year at Okegawa SS and the payback year for investment is about 30 years considering maintenance cost and battery replacement cost.
Even if the opportunity cost and the replacement cost approaches are rather insensitive to the heterogeneity and dynamics of informal care, they are the more commonly used because of their simplicity of implementation.
These costs (capital and replacement) can then be compared to the production possible from the improved intensive system based on three possible scenarios (Table 19).
