Numerical simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the RTD effect becomes trivial at low flow rates (corresponding to long residence time in this study).
The maximum sulfate reduction rate observed with the real effluent was 200 mg l−1 h−1, corresponding to a residence time of 0.9 day.
The concentration profiles of the various species, conversions and yields are obtained along the reactor for low axial flow rates, corresponding to high residence times.
All the responses obtained in this survey have been compared with aircraft noise levels corresponding to the residence locations of the people interviewed (values of NEF levels were calculated with the INM model).
In a previous work, Giordano, Giordano, Prazeres and Cooney (1998, Chemical Engineering Science, 53(20), 3635 3652) reported experimental evidence of a significant by-pass stream around toroidal vortices that occur in a Taylor Couette Poiseuille apparatus, for low axial Reynolds numbers (Reax from 0.172 to 1.067, corresponding to mean residence times between 30 min and 5 h).
The flow through in all exposure units was kept constant at 17,3 mL ± SD = 1.3 mL/min, corresponding to mean residence time of the water of approximately 4.5 hours.
However, we explored the sensitivity of the results to the inclusion of area of residence (corresponding to the address of longest residence) as a random effect variable.
Tritium (3H) concentrations in groundwater was ∼1 Tritium Unit (TU), corresponding to a mean residence time for groundwater of about 12 years.
It could be seen from Equation (19) that, owning to the target spin, the position of range data peak of each scattering point corresponding to the range residence time domain would change according to the range of this scattering point within observation time.
We consider two extreme values: 0, as representative of a tumour with negligible recycling from quiescence into the cycling stage, and 0.01, i.e. 1% quiescent cells becoming cycling per day, corresponding to an average residence time in G0 of 100 days.
