CST6 methylation is an early event in breast cancer, since methylation of the CST6 promoter has already been reported in 7 out of 28 corresponding normal tumor-adjacent breast tissues samples [ 25].
Consistent with the findings of other studies [ 43, 44] but not reaching statistical significance, bioluminescence imaging data suggested lower glucose and higher ATP and lactate concentrations in tumors than in corresponding normal tissues (tumor-to-normal tissue ratio, mean and standard deviation, ATP: 1.59 ± 0.91, glucose: 0.88 ± 0.12, lactate: 1.29 ± 0.55).
In order to compare the RNA expression of some NE tumor samples (metastatic liver, pancreas and breast tumors) with non-neuroendocrine tumors and corresponding normal tissues, commercial total RNAs from 2 non-neuroendocrine tumors (pancreas and breast tumors) and from the 2 corresponding normal tissues were used in a second experiment.
Tumor and corresponding normal tissue RNA samples (normal and tumor tissues were from different individuals) were obtained from two different commercial sources (Ambion and BioChain), and the endothelial cell marker vWF was used to normalize HIP expression to the number of endothelial cells present in the tumors.
qPCR was used to confirm the array-CGH results and to determine the DNA copy number variations of identified candidate genes in 30 NSCLC tumor and corresponding normal samples from Asian, and 30 NSCLC tumor and 12 autopsy samples from Caucasian.
Comparisons of miRNA expression profiles of metastatic tumors in secondary sites with those of corresponding normal tissues and primary tumors have demonstrated that alterations in miRNA expression profiles can serve as phenotypic signatures of particular types of tumor metastasis and of specific steps in the tumor metastatic cascade.
RT-qPCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of four candidate genes in 45 NSCLC tumor and the corresponding normal samples from Asian, and 24 tumor and corresponding normal samples from Caucasian (TissueScan Lung Cancer Panel IV: HLRT304; OriGene, Rockville, MD).
We therefore performed a metabolomic study of PCa bone metastases in comparison with corresponding normal bone, primary PCa tumor and normal prostate tissue, using metastatic tissue collected at surgery for complications of bone metastases [14].
The levels of 5hmC in cancer are strongly reduced relative to the corresponding normal tissue surrounding the tumor [ 47].
The Cancer Profiling Array (CPA) consisted of 511 dots with 494 cDNAs synthesized from various human tumors and corresponding normal tissue specimens, i.e. 241 tumor and 241 matched normal tissue specimens as well as 12 cDNAs from metastases corresponding to 12 of the tumor/normal pairs.
The PCR using specific primer pair was done directly from genomic DNA from two sample pairs (tumor and corresponding normal DNA) shown to have alteration in the tumors.
