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The evidence that teachers' short-term instructional effects correspond to substantial long-run impacts on students' lives provides much of the impetus for a wide range of educational reforms that are focused on identifying and responding to differences in teachers' value-added effectiveness.
Thus, we considered these cases, as well as the amount of disagreement we had with the gold standard data, reasonable and expected, specially when taking into account that Landis and Koch [70] suggest that Kappa values between 0.4 and 0.6 indicate moderate agreement and values amid 0.60 and 0.8 correspond to substantial agreements.
It's crucial to note that subtle differences between biology's nonlinearity and a pure multiplication can correspond to substantial functional effects.
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The kappa for smoking status that we observed (0.70) corresponds to substantial agreement [ 28].
According to Landis and Koch [ 16], this κ value corresponds to substantial agreement among the three observers.
The weighted kappa assessing the agreement between values measured by medical staff and self-reported values was 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.67 0.80) which corresponds to substantial agreement.
Our results demonstrate that although there is mutational robustness and phenotypic redundancy in the WNV swarm, genetic diversity also corresponds to substantial phenotypic diversity in terms of viral fitness.
Our results demonstrate that although there is significant mutational robustness in the WNV swarm, genetic diversity also corresponds to substantial phenotypic diversity in terms of relative fitness in vitro.
According to the same authors, a Kappa greater than 0.81 represents an almost perfect agreement; values ranging between 0.61 and 0.80 correspond to a substantial agreement, values between 0.41 and 0.60 are considered moderate and values lower than 0.40 are fair to poor.
Although this kcat/ KM value is very low compared with physiological activities, even with the activated p-nitrophenolate leaving group, it nonetheless would correspond to a substantial rate enhancement above the uncatalyzed reaction of more than a million-fold (Table 1).
Hence, a decrease of 50% in Brp-EGFP-Brp levels in whole head extracts must correspond to a very substantial loss of the protein in the cells where ey-GAL4 is expressed, which accounts for an estimated 40 60% of brain mass.
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