The GSP algorithm is used to find frequent sequences of items, eventually revealing time-related correlations or causal structures among sets of data.
But the most important point in the present context is that when a biologist uses this sense of information in a description of gene action or other processes, he or she is just adopting a quantitative framework for describing ordinary correlations or causal connections.
It would therefore be interesting to assess the potential correlations (or causal dependencies) of the specific changes in cognition, other body functions and regulatory pathways following such genotoxic stress, and assess its dose-dependence.
Nodes typically span the entirety of the cortex and do not overlap, whereas links can be unidirectional or bidirectional, or binary, or weighted and represent size, density, or coherence and magnitudes of correlations, or causal interactions in anatomical and functional networks, respectively.
While the data is not adequate to assert a precise correlation or even causal link between the improved process and increased productivity, it is encouraging nonetheless.
Alternatively, a common way to improve predictions is by integrating relationships between genes and traits, using gene trait correlations, associations, or causal mutations (Rzhetsky et al., 2007; Cotsapas et al., 2011; Baker et al., 2012; Hwang et al., 2012; Gat-Viks et al., 2013).
However, the design of this study cannot reveal whether such a correlation is causal or whether this just indicates that lower cell density means less available neurons for innervation (n.b. this would not hold true for the healthy controls).
Because of the 4-V features of big data, association or correlation rather than causal relationships are expected to be built among certain elements, such as genes, proteins, and pathways, across the whole big data.
As shown in Yoo et al. [ 13], power of the LC and the MLC tests benefits from high positive correlation between causal and neutral SNPs or between causal SNPs.
But it is not clear if that correlation is causal; the report does not explain how public policy or other factors may have affected people's chances of evolving from rags to riches.
