These were sphericity checked and Greenhouse-Geisser corrected when appropriate.
Any data discrepancies later identified were corrected, when appropriate.
Unrealistic or extreme values will be investigated per case and corrected when appropriate.
Independent means were compared using unpaired Student's t-tests whose degrees of freedom were corrected, when appropriate, for inequality of variance.
We defined a depiction of the central dogma as "correct" when students used appropriate terminology (e.g., "transcription") and linked concepts or processes together in a scientifically accurate way (e.g., "tRNAs transport amino acids").
P values were corrected for multiple comparisons when appropriate.
A univariate analysis was performed using the Pearson's chi-square test or the Yates' corrected chi-square test, when appropriate.
Artefacts due to non specific silver nitrate staining or spots that could not be confidently verified as true matches were disregarded rather than manually edited, and misalignments were corrected by manual warping when appropriate.
Unless otherwise indicated, all data are reported as mean ± SEM exit rates per hour, were averaged over 6 h for statistical analyses, and when appropriate were corrected (Bonferroni corrections are noted throughout the text as BF ; SPSS, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA).
Results are reported using the Greenhouse-Geisser correction for violation of sphericity, when appropriate, along with corrected degrees of freedom.
When appropriate, Huynh Feldt correction was applied to correct for sphericity violations.
