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However, no internal standards can be used to correct variations during the measuring process, which is challenging when working with mass spectrometry [MS].
The latter was used as an endogenous control to correct variations in the experiment.
By contrast, q-RT-PCR requires a parallel amplification of a housekeeping gene (HKG) as control gene (CG) to correct variations in RNA quality and quantity and to calculate the sensitivity of each measurement.
The concentration of proteins and AP activity in urine were related to urinary concentration of creatinine in order to correct variations in urine production as previously described for total proteins, transporters, and enzymes [ 13– 19, 19– 23].
The RIA values of individual peptides were log2 transformed, normalized to correct variations in labelling intensities of peptides, rolled up into proteins (Reference peptide based roll up; RRollup) and performed hierarchical clustering and visualized as heat maps.
Fixed orthodontic appliance therapy is a regular orthodontic treatment to correct variations from an arbitrary norm (align the teeth or correct other irregularities) [ 1], which may cause functional restrictions, discomfort and pain [ 2, 3], but traditional orthodontic studies have only included clinician-based outcome measures.
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A data normalization step was performed to correct variation between instrument inter-day tuning differences.
We regressed out the batch effects to correct variation resulting from instrument inter-day tuning differences using the limma package removeBatchEffect [37].
To correct variation caused by the different total protein concentrations, the relative level of VEGF165 was calculated by dividing VEGF165 concentration by the total protein concentration in each sample.
In this study, the samples were analyzed over a span of two or three days, and therefore data normalization step was performed to correct variation from instrument inter-day tuning differences.
only corrects variations caused by LC MS analysis but not the upstream steps such as sample preparation and digestion.
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