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This previous work showed that bivalents are error-prone in establishing correct attachment to spindle microtubules, with on average three rounds of microtubule error correction preceding stable biorientation.
This region of β-tubulin may determine the conformation necessary for correct attachment of ODAs, or there may be sequence-specific interaction between β-tubulin and a protein involved in ODA attachment or stabilization.
The SAC has been shown to be required for the fidelity of chromosome segregation in mitosis, verifying the correct attachment of each pair of sister chromatids to the opposite poles of the bipolar spindle via their kinetochores [2].
This evolutionarily conserved process, known as Sister Chromatid Cohesion (SCC), is required for the correct attachment by sister kinetochores to microtubules emanating from opposite poles of the spindle and it is believed to establish the tension required to stabilize microtubule-kinetochore attachment [7].
The upstream PPTs also lack the correct attachment site and the IR motif, which further obscures their functionality.
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a signalling mechanism that delays anaphase until all chromosomes have achieved correct attachment to the mitotic spindle (Musacchio & Salmon, 2007).
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Correct attachments become stabilized, whereas incorrect attachments are labile and eventually become corrected (Nicklas and Koch, 1969; Li and Nicklas, 1995).
For faithful chromosome segregation during cell division, correct attachments must be established between sister chromosomes and microtubules from opposite spindle poles through kinetochores (chromosome bi-orientation).
While tension stabilizes kinetochore microtubule attachments, conversely, a lack of tension leads to the destabilization of kinetochore microtubule attachments, providing a further opportunity for the correct attachments to be made.
Following recombination and prophase exit, homologs initially tend to make incorrect attachments to the meiosis I spindle that are destabilized by Ipl1 to provide a further opportunity for the correct attachments to be made (Meyer et al. 2013).
With age, there may be a reduction in the ability of bivalents to establish correct attachments to both spindle poles, and given APC activation would be unaffected by such events, chromosome segregation would still occur but with greater errors.
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