We show that proprioceptive and corollary discharge pathways converge on individual granule cells.
The neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit α-9-ii, also upregulated in reproductive SE, is expressed in hindbrain neurons that directly innervate the inner ear (i.e., auditory efferents) of teleosts [ 36] that have been shown in midshipman to be part of a vocal corollary discharge pathway linking the hindbrain vocal pattern generator to the auditory saccule [ 37].
As a corollary, a disease pathway is viewed as the sum of alterations in one or several pathways whose combined effects result in the inability of the system to adjust to adverse challenges and is then manifested in the diseased state.
We also provide evidence that the convergent basilar pontine pathways carry corollary discharges from upper body motor cortical areas.
Therefore, forelimb/upper body pathways separately carrying corollary discharges and proprioceptive information are aligned in cerebellar cortex.
As a corollary to the gene-centric Pathway Map metric, we use the Jaccard Index (J i,j)), a metric of set similarity, to quantify the fraction of genes common to two pathways i and j (see Methods and Materials).
As a corollary, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor pathway is activated in human heart failure, as adduced from the induction of ABCG2 (ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), and BNIP3 (BCL2/adenovinteractingkDa interacting protein 2).
As a corollary, the longer such essential alternative pathways are, the greater the number of reactions m that need to be added to non-adjacent viable genotypes G(n), such that viable genotypes G(n + m) become connected.
Although speculative, hijacking this pathway could effectively convert the corollary message from motor to sensory coordinates, and thus in the appropriate reference frame to produce proprioceptive predictions.
The neural pathways proposed for this sensation include corollary discharge from motor cortical centers that drive voluntary breathing, and muscle mechanoreceptors and metaboreceptors [ 33].
