Thus, two different molecular pathways that can reprogram adult somatic cells can be envisioned: (i) the process taking place in the oocyte cytoplasm, able to activate the core transcriptional genes, or (ii) the overexpression of the core transcriptional genes themselves together with adjuvant genes, either by viral overexpression or by fusion with cells already expressing these genes.
For example, in the electroless plating, metals or compounds such as gold, palladium, and SnCl2 are used to activate the core surface, but they remain as an impurity in the final product.
Zeta Prime tells Megatron that the Omega Key is not actually what unlocks access to the core, but is the means to activate the true key, a colossal Transformer known as Omega Supreme.
The results imply that β-catenin has the ability to activate the core and proximal Notch-2 promoter.
Among HCV components, the core protein has been reported to activate the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and thereby might contribute to HCC carcinogenesis [ 101, 102].
A core promoter containing regulatory elements necessary to activate the CGL in cholinergic cells and to repress its activity in non-neuronal cells is present in the sequence spanning approximately 4 kb upstream of the R exon [49], [50].
A number of interesting reports have proposed the identification of the Myc/Max/Mad network, as a molecular switch that either interacts with the core promoter to activate hTERT transcription (Myc/Max) or promotes down regulation of hTERT mRNA production (Mad/Max) [ 43- 45].
Remarkably, the concentration of HCV core required to activate microglia and astrocytes was one log less than the concentration needed for direct neurotoxicity.
Nowadays, models routinely incorporate receptors and the plethora of adaptor proteins which can bind to them and activate the core ERK cascade.
Therefore it is likely that the translating ribosome disrupts the interactions between the core EJC, activating the ATP hydrolysis and RNA helicase activities of eIF4AIII-MLN51, which may be required for RNP remodeling ahead of the ribosome.
