Demographic data and frequency of cesarean delivery, antepartum bleeding, breech presentation, fetal distress, and cord prolapse were recorded.
Risk factors for this condition include short cord, vilamentous insertion, cord prolapse or torsion, traction on the cord, chorio-amnionitis, or post-dates delivery leading to thinning of the cord components with secondary aneurysm formation.
Several postulated predisposing factors include preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, maternal use of calcium-channel blockers or cocaine, meconium aspiration, umbilical cord prolapse, Rh incompatibility, hypothermia, obstetric trauma, localized tissue hypoxia and neonatal asphyxia.
Iatrogenic risk factors for umbilical cord prolapse also have been previously reported.
Furthermore, the 3 rd degree cord prolapse was an obvious cause of fetal death.
The other cases include placental insufficiency, cord prolapse, thrombosis and vasculopathy (table 6).
Some events are known to cause stillbirth such as cord prolapse, and ruptured vasa praevia [ 34].
Furthermore, the use of a balloon may involve occult umbilical cord prolapse during the procedure, after which umbilical cord prolapse is detected due to the identification of the descending fetal presenting part or rupture of the membranes.
Alternatively, since cases whose umbilical cord prolapse was found at just before delivery resulting in delivery without any neonatal complications might not be reported, prevalence of the umbilical cord prolapse might be underestimated.
To clarify whether the use of balloons for cervical ripening is associated with the incidence of umbilical cord prolapse.
